Which term is used for a gradual decrease in loudness?

The term for a gradual decrease in loudness is "diminuendo." It is an Italian word commonly used in music notation to instruct the performer to gradually soften their playing. This term indicates a smooth transition from a louder dynamic to a softer one, creating an expressive effect in the music.

In contrast, "sforzando" refers to a sudden accent or a strong emphasis on a note or chord, which is quite different from a decrease in volume. "Crescendo," on the other hand, means to gradually increase the loudness, opposing the concept of diminuendo. "Decrescendo" is another term that can mean a decrease in volume, similar to diminuendo, but is often used interchangeably; however, "diminuendo" is the more traditional and recognized term in classical music contexts. Understanding these terms helps musicians interpret dynamic markings accurately in their performances.