Which term refers to a compositional technique that uses a series of notes or rhythmic patterns as the basis for a composition?

The correct term that describes a compositional technique utilizing a series of notes or rhythmic patterns as the basis for a composition is serialism. This method often involves the systematic arrangement of all twelve tones of the chromatic scale in a particular order, known as a tone row, which forms the foundational element of the piece.

Serialism establishes a framework for the composition by repeating and varying this series throughout the music, allowing for a form of structure and unity within what might otherwise be perceived as atonal. This approach differs significantly from the other terms listed. Atonality pertains to music that lacks a tonal center, while polytonality and bitonality refer to the simultaneous use of two or more different keys or tonal centers. In contrast, serialism is primarily focused on the organization of pitches and rhythms rather than their tonal relationships.